Overview

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and can continue into adulthood. It is characterized by a combination of persistent problems, including difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior.

Children with ADHD may face challenges such as low self-esteem, troubled relationships, and poor school performance. While some symptoms may lessen with age, others may persist into adulthood. However, individuals can learn strategies to manage their symptoms and be successful.

Treatment for ADHD does not cure the condition, but it can help manage symptoms effectively. The typical approach involves a combination of medications and behavioral interventions. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for achieving positive outcomes.

Symptoms

ADHD is characterized by two primary features: inattention and hyperactive-impulsive behavior. These symptoms may start before the age of 12 and can be noticeable as early as 3 years old. ADHD symptoms can vary in severity and may persist into adulthood.

There are three subtypes of ADHD:

• Predominantly inattentive: The majority of symptoms involve inattention.
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive: The majority of symptoms are hyperactive and impulsive.
• Combined: A mix of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.

Children with ADHD may exhibit the following symptoms:

Inattention

• Fail to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes
• Have trouble staying focused in tasks or play
• Appear not to listen when spoken to directly
• Have difficulty following through on instructions and tasks
• Struggle with task organization
• Avoid or dislike tasks requiring mental effort
• Lose items needed for tasks
• Be easily distracted and forgetful

Hyperactivity and Impulsivity

• Fidget, tap hands or feet, squirm in seat
• Have difficulty staying seated
• Be constantly on the go
• Engage in inappropriate running or climbing
• Have trouble playing quietly
• Talk excessively
• Blurt out answers, interrupting others
• Have difficulty waiting for turn and frequently interrupt

It's important to note that most healthy children can exhibit inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive behavior at times, which is typical for their age. A medical evaluation is necessary to diagnose ADHD.

When to See a Doctor

If you suspect your child shows signs of ADHD, it's essential to see a pediatrician or family doctor. A medical evaluation will help rule out other possible causes of your child's difficulties before considering ADHD as a diagnosis.

Causes

The exact cause of ADHD is not clear, but research is ongoing. Factors that may contribute to its development include genetics, environmental factors, and problems with the central nervous system during critical stages of development.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for ADHD may include having blood relatives with ADHD or other mental health disorders, exposure to environmental toxins, maternal drug use, alcohol use or smoking during pregnancy, and premature birth. Sugar has not been proven to cause hyperactivity, and other issues in childhood can lead to difficulty sustaining attention without being ADHD.

Complications

ADHD can present challenges for children, affecting their academic performance, self-esteem, relationships with peers and adults, and increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. Individuals with ADHD are also more likely to have coexisting conditions, such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, learning disabilities, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, and tic disorder or Tourette syndrome.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of ADHD in children:

• Avoid anything that could harm fetal development during pregnancy, such as alcohol, recreational drugs, or smoking cigarettes.
• Protect your child from exposure to pollutants and toxins, including cigarette smoke and lead paint.
• Limit screen time for children in their early years.