Overview

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a complex mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

During depressive episodes, individuals may experience feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. Conversely, during manic or hypomanic episodes, they may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood fluctuations can significantly impact sleep, energy levels, decision-making, behavior, and cognitive clarity.

Bipolar disorder episodes may occur infrequently or multiple times a year. Some individuals may experience emotional symptoms between episodes, while others may not.

While bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, it can be effectively managed with a comprehensive treatment plan. Typically, treatment involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy.

Symptoms

Bipolar and related disorders can manifest in various ways, each with its own set of symptoms causing distress and difficulties in daily life:

• Bipolar I disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be followed or preceded by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may lead to psychosis.
• Bipolar II disorder: Involves at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode but no full-blown manic episodes.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Consists of frequent periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of less severe depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (or one year in children and teenagers).
• Other types: Include bipolar and related disorders triggered by certain substances, alcohol, or medical conditions like Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke.

Bipolar II disorder should not be confused with a milder form of bipolar I disorder; it is a distinct diagnosis. Individuals with bipolar II disorder may experience longer periods of depression, leading to significant impairment.

Bipolar disorder is commonly diagnosed during the teenage years or early 20s, although it can occur at any age. Symptoms can vary among individuals and may change over time.

Mania and Hypomania

Both mania and hypomania episodes share similar symptoms, but mania is more severe and disruptive to daily functioning. Mania may lead to problems at work, school, social activities, and relationships, and it may require hospitalization. Symptoms of both episodes include:

• Abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired
• Increased activity, energy, or agitation
• Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)
• Decreased need for sleep
• Unusual talkativeness
• Racing thoughts
• Distractibility
• Poor decision-making (e.g., excessive spending, risky behavior)

Major Depressive Episode

A major depressive episode is characterized by severe symptoms that significantly hinder day-to-day activities, such as work, school, and relationships. Symptoms may include:

• Depressed mood, feeling sad, empty, or hopeless
• Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
• Changes in appetite and weight (weight loss or gain)
• Insomnia or excessive sleeping
• Restlessness or slowed behavior
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
• Trouble concentrating or making decisions
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Other Features of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I and bipolar II disorders may present additional features, such as anxious distress, melancholy, psychosis, mixed or rapid cycling episodes, and seasonal changes in