Overview

Broken heart syndrome, also known as stress cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, is a heart condition triggered by stressful situations, extreme emotions, serious physical illness, or surgery. Although often temporary, some individuals may experience ongoing symptoms even after the heart has healed.

Broken heart syndrome affects only part of the heart, causing a brief interruption in its normal pumping function. The rest of the heart continues to work as usual, and sometimes the heart contracts more forcefully during this condition.

Symptoms

The symptoms of broken heart syndrome can mimic those of a heart attack and may include:

• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath

If you experience persistent chest pain, rapid or irregular heartbeat, or shortness of breath, seek immediate medical attention as these symptoms could be indicative of a heart attack.

Causes

The exact cause of broken heart syndrome is not entirely understood, but it is believed to involve a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline, that may temporarily damage the heart in some individuals. It is also possible that a temporary squeezing of the heart's arteries or changes in the heart muscle's structure play a role in the condition's development.

An intense physical or emotional event, such as sudden illness, major surgery, broken bones, loss of a loved one, or a strong argument, can trigger broken heart syndrome. Additionally, certain drugs, including emergency medicines for severe allergic reactions or asthma attacks, some anxiety medications, and illegal stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine, have been linked to the syndrome in rare cases.

How is broken heart syndrome different from a heart attack?

Unlike heart attacks, which are usually caused by complete or near-complete blockage of a heart artery, broken heart syndrome does not involve blocked heart arteries. However, blood flow in the heart arteries may be reduced during the condition.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for broken heart syndrome include being female, age over 50, and a history of anxiety or depression.

Complications

Most individuals recover quickly from broken heart syndrome without lasting effects. However, some may experience recurrent episodes of the condition, known as recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy. In rare cases, broken heart syndrome can be fatal.

Potential complications of broken heart syndrome include pulmonary edema (fluid backup into the lungs), low blood pressure, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), heart failure, and blood clots in the heart.

Prevention

Long-term treatment with beta blockers or similar medications is often recommended to prevent another episode of broken heart syndrome. These medicines can block the harmful effects of stress hormones on the heart.

Managing emotional stress is crucial in preventing broken heart syndrome. Strategies to reduce and manage stress include engaging in regular exercise, practicing mindfulness, and connecting with others through support groups.