Overview

Dyslexia is a learning disorder characterized by difficulties in reading, particularly in the ability to identify speech sounds and understand their connection to letters and words (decoding). Referred to as a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of unique variations in the brain regions responsible for processing language.

It is important to note that dyslexia is not related to intelligence, hearing, or vision problems. Many children with dyslexia can excel in school with the help of tutoring or specialized educational programs. Emotional support also plays a significant role in their success.

While there is no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention yield the best outcomes. Sometimes dyslexia may go undiagnosed for years, only being recognized in adulthood, but it is never too late to seek help.

Symptoms

Detecting signs of dyslexia in young children before they start school can be challenging, but there are early clues that may indicate a problem. As children reach school age, teachers are often the first to notice potential issues, especially as they begin learning to read.

Before School

• Late talking
• Slow acquisition of new words
• Difficulty forming words correctly, such as sound reversals or confusing similar-sounding words
• Trouble remembering or naming letters, numbers, and colors
• Difficulty with nursery rhymes or rhyming games

School Age

• Reading skills well below the expected level for their age
• Problems processing and comprehending spoken language
• Difficulty finding the right word or answering questions
• Trouble remembering sequences
• Difficulty recognizing similarities and differences in letters and words
• Inability to sound out the pronunciation of unfamiliar words
• Spelling difficulties
• Takes an unusually long time to complete reading or writing tasks
• Avoids activities that involve reading

Teens and Adults

• Difficulty reading, including reading aloud
• Reading and writing tasks are slow and labor-intensive
• Spelling problems persist
• Avoids activities that involve reading
• Mispronounces names or words, or struggles to retrieve words
• Takes an unusually long time to complete reading or writing tasks
• Difficulty summarizing a story
• Trouble learning a foreign language
• Difficulty with math word problems

When to See a Doctor

If you suspect that your child may have dyslexia and is experiencing difficulty learning to read by kindergarten or first grade, it is essential to talk to your health care provider. Early intervention can lead to better outcomes. Additionally, undiagnosed and untreated dyslexia can lead to ongoing reading difficulties into adulthood.

Causes

Dyslexia results from unique brain differences that affect reading ability. There is often a genetic component, as dyslexia tends to run in families. Specific genes related to language processing and reading play a role in the development of dyslexia.

Risk Factors

A family history of dyslexia or other reading and learning disabilities increases the likelihood of developing dyslexia.

Complications

Dyslexia can give rise to several challenges:

• Trouble learning, as reading is fundamental to most other school subjects
• Social problems, including low self-esteem, behavior issues, anxiety, aggression, and social withdrawal
• Difficulties in adulthood, as reading and comprehension limitations can hinder personal growth and success in various aspects of life

Children with dyslexia are also at an increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and vice versa. The coexistence of ADHD can complicate dyslexia treatment due to attention and impulsivity challenges.Coping and Support

Emotional support and extracurricular activities not centered around reading are crucial for children with dyslexia. Parents and teachers should provide encouragement and understanding to boost self-esteem.

Open communication about dyslexia helps children better cope with their learning disability and develop effective strategies to overcome challenges.

Creating a conducive environment at home for studying, ensuring adequate rest, and providing healthy meals contribute to a child's overall well-being and academic performance.

Limiting screen time and encouraging regular reading practice can improve reading skills and cognitive development.

Support groups can offer valuable information and emotional assistance to parents and individuals dealing with dyslexia.

Preparing for Diagnosis

Parents seeking a dyslexia diagnosis for their child should share developmental, academic, and behavioral concerns with healthcare providers. Bringing school records and examples of the child's work can aid in the evaluation process.

During appointments, caregivers can ask questions to better understand the diagnosis and seek appropriate support.

Remember, early intervention and emotional support are essential in helping individuals with dyslexia unlock their full potential and achieve success in various aspects of life.