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Approximately 2.3% of the population has OCD, which is about 1 in 40 adults and 1 in 100 children in the U.S.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
People with OCD may have symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both. These symptoms can interfere with all aspects of life, such as work, school, and personal relationships.
Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Common symptoms include:
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the urge to do in response to an obsessive thought. Common compulsions include:
Not all rituals or habits are compulsions. Everyone double checks things sometimes. But a person with OCD generally:
Some individuals with OCD also have a tic disorder. Motor tics are sudden, brief, repetitive movements, such as eye blinking and other eye movements, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking. Common vocal tics include repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing, or grunting sounds.
Symptoms may come and go, ease over time, or worsen. People with OCD may try to help themselves by avoiding situations that trigger their obsessions, or they may use alcohol or drugs to calm themselves. Although most adults with OCD recognize that what they are doing doesn’t make sense, some adults and most children may not realize that their behavior is out of the ordinary. Parents or teachers typically recognize OCD symptoms in children.
If you think you have OCD, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. If left untreated, OCD can interfere in all aspects of life.
Note for Health Care Providers: There are comprehensive and validated screening instruments for quantifying and tracking signs and symptoms of OCD. One example is the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), which you can find on the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA)* website. Another example is the Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory.This listing is not comprehensive and does not constitute an endorsement by Project Semicolon Inc.
OCD is a common disorder that affects adults, adolescents, and children all over the world. Most people are diagnosed by about age 19, typically with an earlier age of onset in boys than in girls, but onset after age 35 does happen.
The causes of OCD are unknown, but risk factors include:
Twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives (such as a parent, sibling, or child) who have OCD are at a higher risk for developing OCD themselves. The risk is higher if the first-degree relative developed OCD as a child or teen. Ongoing research continues to explore the connection between genetics and OCD and may help improve OCD diagnosis and treatment.
Imaging studies have shown differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain in patients with OCD. There appears to be a connection between the OCD symptoms and abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, but that connection is not clear. Research is still underway. Understanding the causes will help determine specific, personalized treatments to treat OCD.
People who have experienced abuse (physical or sexual) in childhood or other trauma are at an increased risk for developing OCD.
In some cases, children may develop OCD or OCD symptoms following a streptococcal infection—this is called Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS).
OCD is typically treated with medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two. Although most patients with OCD respond to treatment, some patients continue to experience symptoms.
Sometimes people with OCD also have other mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and body dysmorphic disorder, a disorder in which someone mistakenly believes that a part of their body is abnormal. It is important to consider these other disorders when making decisions about treatment.
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to help reduce OCD symptoms. Examples of medications that have been proven effective in both adults and children with OCD include clomipramine, which is a member of an older class of “tricyclic” antidepressants, and several newer “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” (SSRIs), including:
SRIs often require higher daily doses in the treatment of OCD than of depression, and may take 8 to 12 weeks to start working, but some patients experience more rapid improvement.
If symptoms do not improve with these types of medications, research shows that some patients may respond well to an antipsychotic medication (such as risperidone). Although research shows that an antipsychotic medication may be helpful in managing symptoms for people who have both OCD and a tic disorder, research on the effectiveness of antipsychotics to treat OCD is mixed.
If you are prescribed a medication, be sure you:
Other medications have been used to treat OCD, but more research is needed to show the benefit for these options. For the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings, visit the FDA website.
Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for adults and children with OCD. Research shows that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and other related therapies (e.g., habit reversal training) can be as effective as medication for many individuals. Research also shows that a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) is effective in reducing compulsive behaviors in OCD, even in people who did not respond well to SRI medication. For many patients EX/RP is the add-on treatment of choice when SRIs or SSRIs medication does not effectively treat OCD symptoms.
|Approximately 2.3% of the population has OCD, which is about 1 in 40 adults and 1 in 100 children in the U.S.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
People with OCD may have symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both. These symptoms can interfere with all aspects of life, such as work, school, and personal relationships.
Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety. Common symptoms include:
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the urge to do in response to an obsessive thought. Common compulsions include:
Not all rituals or habits are compulsions. Everyone double checks things sometimes. But a person with OCD generally:
Some individuals with OCD also have a tic disorder. Motor tics are sudden, brief, repetitive movements, such as eye blinking and other eye movements, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking. Common vocal tics include repetitive throat-clearing, sniffing, or grunting sounds.
Symptoms may come and go, ease over time, or worsen. People with OCD may try to help themselves by avoiding situations that trigger their obsessions, or they may use alcohol or drugs to calm themselves. Although most adults with OCD recognize that what they are doing doesn’t make sense, some adults and most children may not realize that their behavior is out of the ordinary. Parents or teachers typically recognize OCD symptoms in children.
If you think you have OCD, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. If left untreated, OCD can interfere in all aspects of life.
Note for Health Care Providers: There are comprehensive and validated screening instruments for quantifying and tracking signs and symptoms of OCD. One example is the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), which you can find on the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA)* website. Another example is the Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory.This listing is not comprehensive and does not constitute an endorsement by Project Semicolon Inc.
OCD is a common disorder that affects adults, adolescents, and children all over the world. Most people are diagnosed by about age 19, typically with an earlier age of onset in boys than in girls, but onset after age 35 does happen.
The causes of OCD are unknown, but risk factors include:
Twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives (such as a parent, sibling, or child) who have OCD are at a higher risk for developing OCD themselves. The risk is higher if the first-degree relative developed OCD as a child or teen. Ongoing research continues to explore the connection between genetics and OCD and may help improve OCD diagnosis and treatment.
Imaging studies have shown differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures of the brain in patients with OCD. There appears to be a connection between the OCD symptoms and abnormalities in certain areas of the brain, but that connection is not clear. Research is still underway. Understanding the causes will help determine specific, personalized treatments to treat OCD.
People who have experienced abuse (physical or sexual) in childhood or other trauma are at an increased risk for developing OCD.
In some cases, children may develop OCD or OCD symptoms following a streptococcal infection—this is called Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS).
OCD is typically treated with medication, psychotherapy or a combination of the two. Although most patients with OCD respond to treatment, some patients continue to experience symptoms.
Sometimes people with OCD also have other mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and body dysmorphic disorder, a disorder in which someone mistakenly believes that a part of their body is abnormal. It is important to consider these other disorders when making decisions about treatment.
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to help reduce OCD symptoms. Examples of medications that have been proven effective in both adults and children with OCD include clomipramine, which is a member of an older class of “tricyclic” antidepressants, and several newer “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors” (SSRIs), including:
SRIs often require higher daily doses in the treatment of OCD than of depression, and may take 8 to 12 weeks to start working, but some patients experience more rapid improvement.
If symptoms do not improve with these types of medications, research shows that some patients may respond well to an antipsychotic medication (such as risperidone). Although research shows that an antipsychotic medication may be helpful in managing symptoms for people who have both OCD and a tic disorder, research on the effectiveness of antipsychotics to treat OCD is mixed.
If you are prescribed a medication, be sure you:
Other medications have been used to treat OCD, but more research is needed to show the benefit for these options. For the most up-to-date information on medications, side effects, and warnings, visit the FDA website.
Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for adults and children with OCD. Research shows that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and other related therapies (e.g., habit reversal training) can be as effective as medication for many individuals. Research also shows that a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) is effective in reducing compulsive behaviors in OCD, even in people who did not respond well to SRI medication. For many patients EX/RP is the add-on treatment of choice when SRIs or SSRIs medication does not effectively treat OCD symptoms.
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Start with depression support.
A few answers for the thoughts that make this harder to say out loud.
Feeling like a burden is a very common experience when someone is struggling emotionally. Depression and intense stress can distort how we see ourselves and our value to others. You might believe you're making life harder for the people around you, even when they care deeply about you. These feelings can be powerful, but they are not always an accurate reflection of reality.
When you're in deep emotional pain, the brain often loses the ability to imagine a better future. It can feel like the way things are now is how they will always be. But emotions, circumstances, and perspectives change far more often than our minds allow us to see during dark moments. Many people later look back and realize that the future was much bigger than the pain they were in at the time.
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This confuses a lot of people. From the outside, things might look okay, but inside you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or emotionally numb. Suicidal thoughts often come from internal pain, not just external circumstances. You might be carrying stress, depression, trauma, loneliness, or pressure that others simply can't see. Feeling this way doesn't mean your pain isn't real.
More people experience suicidal thoughts than most realize. During periods of intense stress, depression, trauma, or emotional exhaustion, the brain can start searching for ways to escape the pain. These thoughts are often a signal that something inside you is hurting deeply — not a sign that you actually want your life to end. Experiencing these thoughts doesn't make you broken or beyond help.
The Semicolon Journey checks multiple areas at once and builds a support path around what surfaces for you.
This may be a place to start.
Make the next step smaller.
A few answers for the thoughts that make this harder to say out loud.
This confuses a lot of people. From the outside, things might look okay, but inside you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or emotionally numb. Suicidal thoughts often come from internal pain, not just external circumstances. You might be carrying stress, depression, trauma, loneliness, or pressure that others simply can't see. Feeling this way doesn't mean your pain isn't real.
More people experience suicidal thoughts than most realize. During periods of intense stress, depression, trauma, or emotional exhaustion, the brain can start searching for ways to escape the pain. These thoughts are often a signal that something inside you is hurting deeply — not a sign that you actually want your life to end. Experiencing these thoughts doesn't make you broken or beyond help.
The Semicolon Journey checks multiple areas at once and builds a support path around what surfaces for you.
This may be a place to start.
Start without needing the perfect words.
A few answers for the thoughts that make this harder to say out loud.
This confuses a lot of people. From the outside, things might look okay, but inside you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or emotionally numb. Suicidal thoughts often come from internal pain, not just external circumstances. You might be carrying stress, depression, trauma, loneliness, or pressure that others simply can't see. Feeling this way doesn't mean your pain isn't real.
More people experience suicidal thoughts than most realize. During periods of intense stress, depression, trauma, or emotional exhaustion, the brain can start searching for ways to escape the pain. These thoughts are often a signal that something inside you is hurting deeply — not a sign that you actually want your life to end. Experiencing these thoughts doesn't make you broken or beyond help.
The Semicolon Journey checks multiple areas at once and builds a support path around what surfaces for you.
This may be a place to start.
Find immediate next steps and crisis options.
A few answers for the thoughts that make this harder to say out loud.
This confuses a lot of people. From the outside, things might look okay, but inside you may feel overwhelmed, exhausted, or emotionally numb. Suicidal thoughts often come from internal pain, not just external circumstances. You might be carrying stress, depression, trauma, loneliness, or pressure that others simply can't see. Feeling this way doesn't mean your pain isn't real.
More people experience suicidal thoughts than most realize. During periods of intense stress, depression, trauma, or emotional exhaustion, the brain can start searching for ways to escape the pain. These thoughts are often a signal that something inside you is hurting deeply — not a sign that you actually want your life to end. Experiencing these thoughts doesn't make you broken or beyond help.
The Semicolon Journey checks multiple areas at once and builds a support path around what surfaces for you.
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You do not have to know whether this is serious before you deserve guidance. Start with what you are noticing.
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Start with what you are noticing.
A few answers for the moments people are afraid of handling wrong.
Sometimes it's hard to know for certain, and that uncertainty itself can feel unbearable. The signs vary from person to person, but some of the most important include: withdrawing from people they love, giving away meaningful possessions, talking about being a burden or not wanting to be here, a sudden calm after a long period of depression, or increased talk of hopelessness. Not everyone shows obvious signs. If you have a feeling something is wrong, trust it enough to gently ask.
Warning signs can be behavioral, verbal, or emotional. Behaviorally: withdrawing from people, sleeping too much or too little, reckless behavior, researching methods of suicide, or giving things away. Verbally: saying things like "I'm a burden," "I wish I wasn't here," or "No one would care if I was gone." Emotionally: sudden calm after intense depression, persistent hopelessness, or extreme mood changes. No single sign confirms risk, but a pattern — especially combined with a recent loss or crisis — warrants attention.
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Find words that stay calm and close.
A few answers for the moments people are afraid of handling wrong.
Stay calm and stay with them. You don't need the perfect words — what matters most is that they feel heard. Try: "I'm really glad you told me that. Can you tell me more about what you're feeling?" Avoid minimizing ("Things aren't that bad") or problem-solving immediately. Just listen first. Let them know you take what they're saying seriously and that you're not going anywhere.
Avoid phrases that can unintentionally increase shame or shut down the conversation: "You have so much to live for," "Think about what this would do to your family," "You're being selfish," or "Other people have it worse." These responses — even when well-intentioned — can leave someone feeling more alone and misunderstood. Resist the urge to fix or reassure before you've truly listened.
The Semicolon Journey can help someone sort what is surfacing and build a support path around it.
This may be a place to start.
Understand distance without ignoring it.
A few answers for the moments people are afraid of handling wrong.
Sometimes it's hard to know for certain, and that uncertainty itself can feel unbearable. The signs vary from person to person, but some of the most important include: withdrawing from people they love, giving away meaningful possessions, talking about being a burden or not wanting to be here, a sudden calm after a long period of depression, or increased talk of hopelessness. Not everyone shows obvious signs. If you have a feeling something is wrong, trust it enough to gently ask.
Warning signs can be behavioral, verbal, or emotional. Behaviorally: withdrawing from people, sleeping too much or too little, reckless behavior, researching methods of suicide, or giving things away. Verbally: saying things like "I'm a burden," "I wish I wasn't here," or "No one would care if I was gone." Emotionally: sudden calm after intense depression, persistent hopelessness, or extreme mood changes. No single sign confirms risk, but a pattern — especially combined with a recent loss or crisis — warrants attention.
The Semicolon Journey can help someone sort what is surfacing and build a support path around it.
This may be a place to start.
Know what to watch for and when to act.
A few answers for the moments people are afraid of handling wrong.
Sometimes it's hard to know for certain, and that uncertainty itself can feel unbearable. The signs vary from person to person, but some of the most important include: withdrawing from people they love, giving away meaningful possessions, talking about being a burden or not wanting to be here, a sudden calm after a long period of depression, or increased talk of hopelessness. Not everyone shows obvious signs. If you have a feeling something is wrong, trust it enough to gently ask.
Warning signs can be behavioral, verbal, or emotional. Behaviorally: withdrawing from people, sleeping too much or too little, reckless behavior, researching methods of suicide, or giving things away. Verbally: saying things like "I'm a burden," "I wish I wasn't here," or "No one would care if I was gone." Emotionally: sudden calm after intense depression, persistent hopelessness, or extreme mood changes. No single sign confirms risk, but a pattern — especially combined with a recent loss or crisis — warrants attention.
The Semicolon Journey can help someone sort what is surfacing and build a support path around it.
This may be a place to start.
Use immediate support options.
A few answers for the moments people are afraid of handling wrong.
Sometimes it's hard to know for certain, and that uncertainty itself can feel unbearable. The signs vary from person to person, but some of the most important include: withdrawing from people they love, giving away meaningful possessions, talking about being a burden or not wanting to be here, a sudden calm after a long period of depression, or increased talk of hopelessness. Not everyone shows obvious signs. If you have a feeling something is wrong, trust it enough to gently ask.
Warning signs can be behavioral, verbal, or emotional. Behaviorally: withdrawing from people, sleeping too much or too little, reckless behavior, researching methods of suicide, or giving things away. Verbally: saying things like "I'm a burden," "I wish I wasn't here," or "No one would care if I was gone." Emotionally: sudden calm after intense depression, persistent hopelessness, or extreme mood changes. No single sign confirms risk, but a pattern — especially combined with a recent loss or crisis — warrants attention.
The Semicolon Journey can help someone sort what is surfacing and build a support path around it.
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Take it seriously — every time, no matter how it's said. Stay calm, even though everything inside you may be screaming. Get to eye level, put down whatever you're holding, and listen without interrupting. Say: "I'm glad you told me that. I love you and I want to understand what you're feeling." Do not punish or minimize. Once they've talked, ask directly: "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" Then get professional support as soon as possible.
Suicidal thoughts are more common in teenagers than most parents realize — but "common" does not mean something to dismiss. The adolescent brain is navigating enormous biological, social, and emotional change, and emotional pain in teenagers can be intense in ways that are genuinely difficult for adults to fully appreciate. Whether or not it's "typical" is less important than taking it seriously every time and connecting your child with proper support.
The Semicolon Journey can help sort multiple areas at once and point toward a support path.
This may be a place to start.
Respond without turning the moment into a fight.
A few answers for confusing, frightening, or easy-to-second-guess moments.
Take it seriously — every time, no matter how it's said. Stay calm, even though everything inside you may be screaming. Get to eye level, put down whatever you're holding, and listen without interrupting. Say: "I'm glad you told me that. I love you and I want to understand what you're feeling." Do not punish or minimize. Once they've talked, ask directly: "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" Then get professional support as soon as possible.
Suicidal thoughts are more common in teenagers than most parents realize — but "common" does not mean something to dismiss. The adolescent brain is navigating enormous biological, social, and emotional change, and emotional pain in teenagers can be intense in ways that are genuinely difficult for adults to fully appreciate. Whether or not it's "typical" is less important than taking it seriously every time and connecting your child with proper support.
The Semicolon Journey can help sort multiple areas at once and point toward a support path.
This may be a place to start.
Look underneath the behavior for what may be wrong.
A few answers for confusing, frightening, or easy-to-second-guess moments.
Take it seriously — every time, no matter how it's said. Stay calm, even though everything inside you may be screaming. Get to eye level, put down whatever you're holding, and listen without interrupting. Say: "I'm glad you told me that. I love you and I want to understand what you're feeling." Do not punish or minimize. Once they've talked, ask directly: "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" Then get professional support as soon as possible.
Suicidal thoughts are more common in teenagers than most parents realize — but "common" does not mean something to dismiss. The adolescent brain is navigating enormous biological, social, and emotional change, and emotional pain in teenagers can be intense in ways that are genuinely difficult for adults to fully appreciate. Whether or not it's "typical" is less important than taking it seriously every time and connecting your child with proper support.
The Semicolon Journey can help sort multiple areas at once and point toward a support path.
This may be a place to start.
Stay close without forcing them open.
A few answers for confusing, frightening, or easy-to-second-guess moments.
Take it seriously — every time, no matter how it's said. Stay calm, even though everything inside you may be screaming. Get to eye level, put down whatever you're holding, and listen without interrupting. Say: "I'm glad you told me that. I love you and I want to understand what you're feeling." Do not punish or minimize. Once they've talked, ask directly: "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" Then get professional support as soon as possible.
Suicidal thoughts are more common in teenagers than most parents realize — but "common" does not mean something to dismiss. The adolescent brain is navigating enormous biological, social, and emotional change, and emotional pain in teenagers can be intense in ways that are genuinely difficult for adults to fully appreciate. Whether or not it's "typical" is less important than taking it seriously every time and connecting your child with proper support.
The Semicolon Journey can help sort multiple areas at once and point toward a support path.
This may be a place to start.
Use immediate support options.
A few answers for confusing, frightening, or easy-to-second-guess moments.
Take it seriously — every time, no matter how it's said. Stay calm, even though everything inside you may be screaming. Get to eye level, put down whatever you're holding, and listen without interrupting. Say: "I'm glad you told me that. I love you and I want to understand what you're feeling." Do not punish or minimize. Once they've talked, ask directly: "Are you thinking about hurting yourself?" Then get professional support as soon as possible.
Suicidal thoughts are more common in teenagers than most parents realize — but "common" does not mean something to dismiss. The adolescent brain is navigating enormous biological, social, and emotional change, and emotional pain in teenagers can be intense in ways that are genuinely difficult for adults to fully appreciate. Whether or not it's "typical" is less important than taking it seriously every time and connecting your child with proper support.
The Semicolon Journey can help sort multiple areas at once and point toward a support path.