Overview

Tourette syndrome is a disorder characterized by repetitive, uncontrollable movements or sounds known as tics. These tics can include blinking, shoulder shrugging, or vocalizing unusual or offensive words. The condition typically appears between ages 2 and 15, with males being more likely to develop Tourette syndrome than females. While there is no cure for the disorder, treatments are available, and symptoms often improve after the teenage years.

Symptoms

Tics are the main symptom of Tourette syndrome, and they can range from mild to severe. Tics are categorized as simple or complex, based on the number of muscle groups involved. They can involve either motor movements or vocalizations. Common motor tics include eye blinking, head jerking, and shoulder shrugging. Common vocal tics include grunting, coughing, and throat clearing. Tics can vary in type, frequency, and severity, and they may worsen under certain conditions, such as stress or illness.

Prior to the onset of tics, individuals with Tourette syndrome often experience premonitory urges, such as itching, tingling, or tension. Expression of the tic provides relief, and some individuals can temporarily suppress or hold back their tics with great effort.

When to See a Doctor

If you notice your child displaying involuntary movements or sounds, it's essential to see a pediatrician for evaluation. Not all tics indicate Tourette syndrome, as many children develop tics that go away on their own. However, it's crucial to identify the cause and rule out any serious health problems.

Causes

The exact cause of Tourette syndrome is not known. It is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Chemicals in the brain that transmit nerve impulses, such as dopamine and serotonin, may play a role in the development of the disorder.

Risk Factors

Family history of Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders is a significant risk factor for developing the condition. Additionally, males are more likely than females to develop Tourette syndrome.

Complications

While people with Tourette syndrome can lead healthy lives, the condition often presents behavioral and social challenges that can impact self-image. Tourette syndrome is frequently associated with other conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorder, learning disabilities, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, and anger-management problems. Some individuals may also experience pain related to tics, particularly headaches.